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Endocarditis (or infective endocarditis) is a rare but life-threatening inflammation of the inner lining of the heart’s chambers and valves. It occurs when germs—usually bacteria or fungi—enter the bloodstream and attach to damaged or abnormal areas of the heart.
Causes and Risk Factors
Most cases are caused by bacteria from the mouth, skin, or other body parts entering the blood through injuries, dental work, or surgeries. Fungal infections can also cause it, particularly in those with weakened immune systems.
You are at higher risk if you have:
- Heart Conditions: Damaged valves, congenital heart defects, or artificial heart valves.
- Medical Devices: Pacemakers or long-term central venous lines.
- Lifestyle Factors: Poor dental hygiene or use of injected illegal drugs.
- History: Previous bouts of endocarditis or being of older age.
Symptoms and Complications
Symptoms can appear suddenly or develop slowly over time. Look out for:
- Fever, chills, and night sweats.
- A new or worsening heart murmur.
- Shortness of breath and chest pain.
- Skin changes: Small broken blood vessels or painful red/purple bumps on hands and feet.
Potential Complications: If untreated, infected clumps can break off and travel to the brain, lungs, or kidneys. This can lead to sepsis, heart failure, or strokes.
Diagnosis and Treatment
Healthcare providers diagnose endocarditis through medical history, physical exams, blood cultures (to find the specific germ), and heart imaging like X-rays or echocardiograms.
Treatments include:
- IV Antibiotics or Antifungals: Often required for several weeks.
- Surgery: To repair/replace damaged valves or remove infected tissue.
- Ongoing Dental Care: To reduce the bacterial load in the mouth.
Prevention Tips
- Prioritize Oral Health: Brush and floss daily, and see a dentist every 6 months.
- Antibiotic Prophylaxis: If you are in a high-risk group, you may need antibiotics before dental or medical procedures.
- Monitor Health: Seek medical attention immediately if you develop symptoms, especially if you have a known heart condition.
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