BP102T. PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSIS (Theory)

B. Pharm. 1st Year (1st Sem.)

UNIT-I
(a) Pharmaceutical analysis- Definition and scope
i) Different techniques of analysis
ii) Methods of expressing concentration
iii) Primary and secondary standards.
iv) Preparation and standardization of various molar and normal solutions- Oxalic acid, sodium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid, sodium thiosulphate, sulphuric acid, potassium permanganate and ceric ammonium sulphate
(b) Errors: Sources of errors, types of errors, methods of minimizing errors, accuracy, precision and significant figures
(c) Pharmacopoeia, Sources of impurities in medicinal agents,limit tests.

UNIT-II
Acid base titration: Theories of acid base indicators, classification of acid base titrations and theory involved in titrations of strong, weak, and very weak acids and bases, neutralization curves
Non aqueous titration: Solvents, acidimetry and alkalimetry titration and estimation of Sodium benzoate and Ephedrine HCl

UNIT-III
Precipitation titrations: Mohr’s method, Volhard’s, Modified Volhard’s, Fajans method, estimation of sodium chloride.
Complexometric titration: Classification, metal ion indicators, masking and demasking reagents, estimation of Magnesium sulphate, and calcium gluconate.
Gravimetry: Principle and steps involved in gravimetric analysis. Purity of the precipitate: co-precipitation and post precipitation, Estimation of barium sulphate.
Basic Principles,methods and application of diazotisation titration.

UNIT-IV
Redox titrations
(a) Concepts of oxidation and reduction
(b) Types of redox titrations (Principles and applications)
Cerimetry, Iodimetry, Iodometry, Bromatometry, Dichrometry, Titration with
potassium iodate

UNIT-V
Electrochemical methods of analysis
Conductometry- Introduction, Conductivity cell, Conductometric
titrations, applications.
Potentiometry – Electrochemical cell, construction and working
of reference (Standard hydrogen, silver chloride electrode and
calomel electrode) and indicator electrodes (metal electrodes and
glass electrode), methods to determine end point of potentiometric
titration and applications.
Polarography – Principle, Ilkovic equation, construction and
working of dropping mercury electrode and rotating platinum
electrode, applications