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Adhesions are bands of scar-like tissue that form between abdominal tissues and organs. While healthy internal organs have slippery surfaces that allow them to slide freely as you move, adhesions cause them to stick together. This can pull organs out of their normal positions or cause the intestines to twist or kink.
How Adhesions Form
Adhesions can develop anywhere in the body, but they are most common following abdominal or pelvic surgery. In fact, nearly everyone who undergoes abdominal surgery will develop some degree of adhesions.
Other causes include:
- Inflammation (such as from Crohn’s disease or diverticulitis).
- Infections (like peritonitis).
- Endometriosis.
Signs of Intestinal Obstruction
Many adhesions remain asymptomatic and go away on their own. However, if they partially or completely block the intestines, you may experience:
- Severe cramping or abdominal pain.
- Vomiting and nausea.
- Bloating and abdominal swelling.
- Inability to pass gas or severe constipation.
Key Complications
- Infertility: In women, adhesions can wrap around the fallopian tubes, preventing fertilized eggs from reaching the uterus.
- Intestinal Blockage: A partial blockage can sometimes be managed with a low-fiber diet to help food pass easily.
- Life-Threatening Emergency: A complete intestinal obstruction is a medical emergency. If food and gas cannot pass at all, immediate medical attention and surgery are required.
Diagnosis and Management
There are currently no imaging tests (like X-rays or ultrasounds) that can reliably detect adhesions. They are typically diagnosed during “exploratory” surgery while a doctor is looking for the cause of other symptoms.
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